Bunkers is a must for maritime lawyers, marine engineers, insurers, shipping and bunkering companies, fuel purchasers and charterers – in fact anyone involved in handling bunker fuels or dealing with expensive claims.
“The book is a classic”
Marine Engineers Review
“This book would be warmly welcomed by anyone connected with the shipping industry” and “The book ought to find a place within elbow distance of all practitioners and students of maritime law”
The Commonwealth Lawyer
“All aspects of the industry are covered in detail, in accessible language. The section on legal issues and dispute resolution will be of particular interest to lawyers, given what seems to be a global trend towards deteriorating bunker fuels”
Maritime Advocate
“A valuable guide to the bunker industry that will promote understanding, raise awareness, increase safety levels and help protect the environment”
Lloyd’s List
“Fisher and Lux have meticulously updated swathes of the book to reflect the list of new regulations applicable to the bunker industry in recent years, including must-read IMO and EC proposals and legislature sections on sulphur and double hulls”
Bunkerworld
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Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Tables, Figures and Plates
1 A brief history of marine propulsion
2 Crude Oils, Refining and Blending of Marine Fuels
Crude oils
Paraffinic based crude oils
Naphthenic based crude oils
Asphaltic crude oils
Refining
Vacuum distillation
Hydro-processing
Cracking
Visbreaking
Catalytic cracking
Desulphurisation
Marine fuel blending
Blend components
Blend targets
Blend calculations
Viscosity
Flash point
Example of a complex blend calculation
The physical process of blending
Blending on board ships
3 The Market – Fuel Quality
World-wide supply market
Trends in Quality
Density
Water
Carbon Residue
Vanadium
Aluminium and Silicon
Total Sediment
Geographical variations
Port variations
Density
Vanadium
Carbon
Water
Aluminium and Silicon
Sulphur
Commercial issues
Good fuels
4 Marine Fuel Quality Specifications and Requirements
Fuel specifications. Development history 1957-2002
General requirements
Distillate fuel grades
Viscosity
Carbon Residue
Ash
Sediment
Aluminium and Silicon
ISO 8217: 1996
Distillate fuels
Residual fuels
ISO 8217 (Expected next revision)
CIMAC 2003
Oil company fuel specifications
Environmental issues
Greenhouse gases
Good ozone
Bad ozone
Acid rain
Shipping contribution to SOx and NOx emissions
Sulphur dioxide emissions
Sulphur content of marine residual fuel – international limits
Gas scrubbers
International global sulphur cap of 1.5%
Regional sulphur restrictions
European Union
The BMT Report
The Entec Report
The Beicip-Franlap Report
European distillate fuel supplies and consumption
Nitrous Oxide (NOx) emissions
Emissions trading
Bunkers and pollution
5 Fuel Quality Characteristics and their Importance
Density
Viscosity
Flash point
Pour point
Cloud point and cold filter plugging point (CFPP)
Carbon residue
Ash
Water
Salt water contamination
Fresh water
Sulphur
Vanadium
Aluminium and silicon
Sediment
Compatibility
Ignition Quality
Evaluation of ignition quality in distillate fuels
Residual fuels ignition quality
Specific energy
Net specific energy
Gross specific energy
Other contaminants in bunker fuels
Used lubricants in bunker fuels
Types of lubricating oils and their characteristics
Used lubricants and problems with disposal or recycling
Identification of used lubricants in marine fuels
The consumption of fuels contaminated with waste lubricants
BP/Alfa Laval study 1999
Findings on the efficiency regarding the removal of catalytic fines
Findings on the efficiency regarding the removal of iron
Findings on the efficiency regarding the removal of sea water
Ash content after purification
Polypropylene
Chemical waste
MPA press release 20 March 2002
Conclusions
6 Fuel Treatment Equipment
Construction and capabilities of storage and settling tanks
Primary storage tanks
Double bottom tanks
Wing tanks
Deep tanks or cross bunker tanks
Transfer pump and settling tank
Purification plant
Traditional separators
Clarification
Setting up centrifuges for optimum efficiency
Automatic sludge discharge
Purifier particle removal expectations
High density centrifuges
Service tanks
Heating for injection
Filters
Fuel additives
Economics of additives
7 Effective Fuel Management
Fuel purchasing
Selection of fuel specification – Residual fuels
Heating capacity of fuel storage tanks
Capabilities of the fuel treatment system
Viscosity
Tips on viscosity ordering
Density
General tips on selection of density
Engine makers’ fuel specification and experience feedback
Environmental legislation
Selection of fuel specification – Distillate fuels
Using fuel specifications
Seeking quotations
Selection of supplier – Quality and price
Charterparty clauses
Terms and conditions of sale
Fuel delivery
Timing of delivery and delays
Pre-delivery testing
Shipboard preparations
Safety and pollution prevention
Safe transfer procedure
ASTM draft bunkering protocol 1993
Bunkering in Singapore
Quantity determination
The bunker delivery receipt
Sampling and documentation
On board testing
Pre-delivery testing
Testing during delivery
Testing during consumption
Fuel analysis
Selection of a laboratory
Using the testing service
Management of quality and quantity disputes
Quantity control
Quality disputes
8 Sampling
International and national sampling standards
Singapore Bunkering Procedure CP60: 1996
Supplier’s terms and conditions
Sampling from the delivery pipeline
Pipeline sampling devices
Manual samplers
Automatic samplers
Tank sampling
9 Laboratory Test Methods
Sample size
Outline description of test methods
Density
Viscosity
Water
BS & W
Carbon Residue
Flash point
Pour point
Cloud point
Sulphur
Ash
Vanadium
Elements by IP 501
Sediment
Compatibility
Ignition Quality – Distillate fuels
Ignition Quality – Residual fuels
Specific energy
Visual appearance (DMX and DMA grade only)
Investigative non-routing testing
BP Method for determination of polypropylene in residual fuel by filtration and FTIR
Combustion problems – Ignition Quality
Contamination of fuels with unknown substances
Acidity
Saponification number
Repeatability and reproducibility of test methods
Interpretation of test results
10 Legal Aspects of Bunkering & Dispute Resolution
Background factors
The seller’s concerns
Formation of contract
The position under US law
The position under English law
Remedies for non-payment
The terms of sale contract
The law which governs the contract and the country in which action is brought
The USA
England
The buyer’s concerns
Quantity
Quality
BIMCO Standard Bunker Contract 2001
History of BIMCO Standard Bunker Contract 2001
The new contract
Vessel on time charter
Quantity
Safety of the place where the vessel bunkers
Ownership of bunkers at end of charter period
Quality
New York Produce Exchange form
Baltime form
Shelltime 4 form
Position in the USA
Position in England
Pollution
The liability regime
Insurance, financial security and direct action
Limitation of liability
Jurisdiction
Regulation
Single hull vessels to be phased out
Three major amendments to the existing Regulation
Heavy grades of oil in double hull tankers
Acceleration of the phasing out scheme of single hull oil tankers
Conditional Assessment Scheme
Dispute resolution
Proper law
Jurisdiction
System of dispute resolution
Mediation (and other forms of ADR)
Arbitration
Litigation
11 The Future
Fuel standards and specifications
The International Bunker Industry Association (IBIA)
Bibliography
Index
Title: Bunkers - An Analysis of the Practical, Technical and Legal Issues (downloadable product)
Product Code: PT1004EA
Published Date: May 2010
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