8.3Independent Surveyors Independentsurveyorsmayberequestedto carryoutdifferenttypesofsurveyonbehalf ofdifferenttypesofclients.Someofthese arelistedbelow: 8.4InsuranceSurveys Therearetwoformsofmarineinsurance, hullandmachinery(H&M)andP&I insurance(P&I).H&Msurveysareusually carriedoutbyClassonbehalfoftheowner. P&Iinsuranceisalittlemorecomplex.P&I clubswereformedbyseveralowners comingtogethertomutuallyinsureeach other’svesselsforthoserisksnotcoveredby H&Minsurance,eg,cargodamage,crew injuryandpollution.Eachownerannually contributesamonetaryamountrelatingto thegrosstonnageheowns,knownasthe ‘call’.Thefundissupervisedbya managementcompany,egThomasMiller arethemanagersfortheUKP&IClub, CharlesTaylorfortheStandardP&IClub andSkuld.SomeP&IClubsalsoofferH&M insurancetotheirmembers,egTheSwedish Club. WhilesomeClubsusetheirowninspectors tocarryoutvisitstotheClub’svessels, independentsurveyorsareusually appointedtocarryoutfullentry,periodic follow-upanddamagesurveysontheir behalftoidentifytheClub’sriskexposure. Thisputsthesurveyorinadifficultposition asheisappointedbythemanagerstocarry outasurveyonamember’svessel,ieheis ‘piggyinthemiddle’andassuchshould haveagood‘bedsidemanner’. Suchconditionsurveysarewideranging andcomprehensiveinnature,coveringthe vessel’sstructureandoperationalaspects. AsP&Icoverincludescargodamage,the surveyorwillbeaskedtocarryouthatch covertesting.Intheeventthatthehatch coversarefoundtobedefective,theP&I Clubmayimposeawarrantyonthem,iethe Clubwillnotpayforanyclaimsresulting fromhatchcoverleakageuntilsuchtimeas thewarrantyhasbeenlifted.TheClubwill requireafollow-upconditionsurveytobe carriedouttoensurethatanydefectshave beenrectified. Thehatchcoversurveyshouldnotbelimited onlytotestingforweathertightness.Itshould alsoincludethecrewskillsinoperatingthe hatchcovers,sothesurveyorshouldwitness bothopeningandclosing. Often,wheretherehavebeencargoclaims againstavesselasaconsequenceof wetting,thesurveyormayberequestedto carryoutaspecificweathertightnesssurvey ofhatchcovers,whichmayincludeasurvey ofholdventilators,bilgewells,coamingsand accesshatches. 8.5CargoSurveys Thesemaybecarriedoutonbehalfof cargounderwritersandinsurers,cargo shippers,cargoconsigneesandcharterers. Thetypeofsurveysincludepre-loading, loading/stowage,outturnanddamage surveys.Asdamagetocargocanresultfrom leakinghatchcovers,thedamagesurveyor mayalsoberequestedtocarryout watertightnesstests.However,thelatterwill needtobeagreedbetweentheownerand partyrequestingthehatchcovertests. 8.6On/OffHireSurveys Boththevessel’sownersandcharterers(the entityhiringtheship)mayrequestanonhire oroffhiresurveybeforeandafteracharter toascertainthevessel’scondition.Generally itwillbetheownerwhoappointsasurveyor tocarryouttheonhiresurvey,whilethe chartererwillappointasurveyortocarryout theoffhiresurvey.Thesurveyorshouldbe awarethattheonhiresurveyreportwillbe usedlater,duringtheoffhiresurvey,to identifydamagesustainedduringthe charter.Whenhighvaluecargoesaretobe HatchCovers-Operation,TestingandMaintenance 88 carried,themoreprudentcharterersmay requestthesurveyortocarryouthatch covertesting.Again,thiswillneedtobe agreedbetweentheownerandcharterers beforehand.Generally,clientsalsoneedthe hatchdimensions. 8.7Pre-purchase ConditionSurveys Thistypeofsurveyisusuallycarriedouton behalfofprospectivebuyersofthevessel. Priortothesurvey,theownersand prospectivebuyersagreethescopeand extentofthesurvey,whichisusuallyonly visualinnature.Generally,nowritten informationortechnicaltestingwillbe allowed,whichincludeshatchcovertesting. Anyattempttoexceedtherangeofthe inspectioncouldresultinthesurveyorbeing askedtoleavethevessel.However,an experiencedsurveyorshouldbeableto carryoutathoroughinspectionofthehatch coversandreportaccordingly.Clientswill alsoneedhatchdimensions. AsseenfromFigure8.1,thesurveyor’s visualinspectionshouldindicatewhere hatchcoverleakshaveoccurred.The surveyorcanthenexpandhisinvestigation todiscoverthereasonsfortheleakage.He shouldbeparticularlysuspiciousifthe coamingsarefreshlypainteddirectlyover corrosion. Whoevertheclient,thesurveyorwillbewell advisedtofollowtherequirementsof Section3.4ofResolutionMSC.169(79) ‘StandardsforOwners’inspectionand maintenanceofbulkcarrierhatchcovers’,a copyofwhichisattachedatAppendix1. Thisprovidesanexcellentvisualcheck-list. Asexperiencedasasurveyormaybe,there isalwaysthepossibilityofmissinganitem orareawhencarryingoutinspections.There isnoshameincarryingaclipboardwitha check-listasan‘aidememoir’.Asuggested check-list,whichshouldsufficeformost surveys(whichdoesnotinclude weathertightnesstesting),isprovidedas Table8.1overleaf. ReasonsforHatchCoverTestingbyVariousOrganisationsandtheRoleoftheMarineSurveyorintheseTests 89 Figure8.1–IndicationsofHatchCover Leakage Figure8.2-IndicationsofHatchCover CrossJointSealLeakageonaCoalCargo 12CommonDefects FoundwhenHatch CoverTesting Themostcommondefectfoundonhatch coversisheavilygroovedandhardened seals.Thisiscausedbycorroded,wastedor heavilywornsteeltosteelcrosschannelor side/endbearingpads.Intheeventoflack offullcontactbetweenthesealand compressionbaraweaktomediumsignal willbeheardalongthefulllengthofthe affectedseal. Wornandmisalignedwheelscancause misalignmentofcoverpanelswithresulting damagetorubberseals,whichcanbetorn orcreased.Theultrasoundtestwillgive intermittentsignalsofvaryingintensity dependingontheextentofthedamageto theseal. CommonDefectsFoundwhenHatchCoverTesting 121 Figure12.1–HeavilyGroovedand HardenedHatchCoverSeals Figure12.2–CorrodedandWastedBearing PadShowingLackofContact Figure12.3–CombinationofHeavilyWorn BearingPadsResultinginaHeavily GroovedSeal.Note:UnevenCompression BarDuetoPoorRepairsandDamaged InnerDrainChannelEdge HatchCovers-Operation,TestingandMaintenance 122 Figure12.4–SeverelyDamagedSeal Fig12.5–SeverelyGroovedand DamagedSeal Figure12.8–SeverelyCorrodedand WastedCompressionBarandInner DrainChannelEdge Figure12.7–SectionofSealMissingand PoorButtingofSealJoint Figure12.6–DamagedSealDueto WornRoller Index 173 Index ABS..............................................................................................................................115, 116 Access................3, 14, 19, 20, 24, 61, 64, 65, 67, 88, 101, 106-110, 127, 139, 148, 151, 153 Air test..............................................................................................................................93, 94 Alarms..............................................................................................................................59, 60 Aluminium covers......................................................................................................................9 Aluminium Foam..................................................................................................................171 Ambient air............................................................................................................................142 Approval certificate......................................................................................................105, 116 Ballast..............................................................................................20, 27, 28, 54, 59, 60, 110 Bearing pads......................14, 32-35, 38, 44-45, 49-50, 79, 82-83, 90, 95, 107, 121, 127, 134 Bearing panels........................................................................................................................40 Bilge..................................................................................................................68, 88, 147, 148 Bosun’s store....................................................................................................................57-59 Box construction............................................................................................................68, 134 Box holds................................................................................................................................61 Box type............................................................................................21, 27, 28, 39, 50, 65, 129 Bulk cargoes..............................................................................................19, 20, 55, 101, 167 Bulk carriers..................3, 10, 19, 20, 30-31, 47, 49-50, 54-56, 59-60, 89, 105, 110, 167, 168 Bulkhead..............................................................................................................56, 59, 61, 93 Calibration....................................................................................................................105, 115 Capesize..........................................................................................................................20, 49 Cargo access....................................................................................................................19, 20 Cargo handling................................................................................................................20, 21 Cargo nets..............................................................................................................................29 Cargo operations....................................................................................42, 61, 64, 93-95, 101 CargoSafe............................................................................................104-107, 110, 115, 171 Carton liners........................................................................................................................141 Cat system....................................................................................27, 45, 48-49, 58, 61, 67, 69 Cement......................................................................................................................19, 27, 76 Certification......................................................................................55, 87, 105, 109, 115-118 Chafing..........................................................................................................................44, 128 Chalk test................................................................................................................................93 Chartering/charterers..........................................................................55, 76, 88, 89, 109, 115 Check-lists................................................................................................................89, 90, 117 Chemicals....................................................................................................19, 23-24, 116, 168 Clamping devices................................................................................................................169 Class............................................................3, 21, 59, 60, 87, 88, 104-111, 113, 115-118, 171 Clay test............................................................................................................................93, 95 Cleats..............14-16, 27- 35, 38- 40, 42-43, 49-54, 61, 64-68, 70, 81, 90, 93, 101, 128, 134, 138, 156, 157, 168-169 Angled..................................................................................................................29 Autocleats............................................................................................................54 Bearing cleats......................................................................................................33 Bolt cleats......................................................................................................51, 61 Claw Type Cleat..............................................................................................70, 71 Hold-down cleat..............................................................................................66, 67 Joint wedge cleats................................................................................................31 Hatch Covers - Operation, Testing and Maintenance 174 Quick acting cleats ..................................................31-33, 40, 49, 51, 61, 66, 134 Shoe Cleats..........................................................................................................40 Side cleats............................................................35, 38, 43, 50, 51, 53, 54, 64, 68 Closing devices......................................................................................................................10 Coal..............................................................................................................19, 20, 55, 89, 100 Coamings............13-15, 19-20, 27-32, 34-36, 48-50, 52, 54, 60-61, 64, 67, 70, 76, 79, 81-84, 88-90, 93, 99, 110, 124, 133-135, 137, 139, 140, 151, 161, 168-170 Butting-up coamings............................................................................................28 Cross Coaming....................................................................................................31 Coaming bar...........................................................................................27, 48, 110 Moon coaming....................................................................................................153 Coatings....................................................................................................................38, 42, 162 Coltraco................................................................................................103, 110, 111, 115, 171 Combination carriers............................................................................................3, 50, 61, 169 Consequential damage........................................................................................................128 Consequential reduction..........................................................................................................5 Containers............................................................................3, 20-23, 61, 65-68, 105, 106, 169 Corrosion......................................5, 38, 40, 42, 44-45, 76, 79, 80, 82, 89, 108, 110, 121-124, 128-129, 149, 168-170 Cranes............................................................................9, 19-21, 28-30, 37, 38, 40, 67-68, 83 Crew access..........................................................................................................................88 Cropping........................................................................................................................59, 129 Cross joint....27, 31-33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 46, 49, 51, 53, 54, 61, 67, 94, 123, 127, 128, 134, 168 Damage............................3, 5, 30, 33, 38, 56, 57, 68, 76, 79, 80, 83, 88, 121, 123, 127, 128, 135, 140, 145, 146, 149, 151, 153, 155, 156, 159, 168 Datalogging..................................................................................................................106, 108 Deck log books....................................................................................................................135 Defects....................................................79, 80, 83, 87, 88, 108, 109, 119, 121, 123, 127, 153 Deformation..............................................................................................3, 129, 161, 168-170 ‘Derbyshire’........................................................................................................................55-60 Derricks ....................................................................................................................19, 28, 29 Dirt....................................................................................................................................46, 83 DNV......................................................................................................................................115 Dogs......................................................................................................................................58 Double skin............................................................................................................3, 21, 27, 61 Drain channels..........................................14, 27, 28, 31-32, 50, 80-84, 94, 121, 123, 134-135 Drainage..........................................................14, 15, 27, 31, 34, 39, 50, 61, 67, 68, 100, 169 Drainpipes....................................................................................................................135, 139 Electric windlasses................................................................................................................31 Electrical safety devices........................................................................................................170 Erosion....................................................................................................................................44 Face seals..............................................................................................33, 49, 53, 69 123, 128 Feeder vessels............................................................................................................20-21, 66 Fertilizer........................................................................................................................137, 150 Fire........................................................................................................................14, 60, 76, 94 Flexseal system......................................................................................................34-35, 44-45 Foam................................................................................................76, 103-105, 148, 156, 171 Index 175 Folding covers..............................................................................................................0, 38, 39 Foldtite........................................................................................................................27, 39, 41 Forest products................................................................................................................19, 23 Fork-lift trucks............................................................................................................27, 64, 68 Free surface......................................................................................................................19, 20 Freeboard........................................................................................................4, 21, 23, 24, 57 Frozen Cargo..........................................................................................................................68 FSA......................................................................................................................................167 Galvanized steel..................................................................................................137, 140, 142 Gantry..........................................................................................................................9, 19, 21 Gaskets..................................................................................138-140, 156, 161-162, 168-169 General cargo..................................................................................................23-24 30, 39, 47 Grain...................................................................................................19, 27, 55, 137, 138, 140 Grease............................................................................................................42, 54, 79, 82-84 Handymax..............................................................................................................................19 Hatch Cover Seal ..........................................................................................94, 110, 127, 149 Hatch design....................................................................................................................9, 101 Hatch panels............................................................................................................27, 138-140 Hatchway..............................................................................................47, 50, 61, 64, 110, 170 Heavy seas..........................................................................................3, 4, 29, 58, 59, 76, 145 Helicopter ..............................................................................................................................57 Hooks................................................................................................................................29, 42 Hose testing................................................................................87, 93, 94, 109, 117, 135, 156 Hot work................................................................................................................................129 Hydraulic jacks....................................................................................10, 52-54, 61, 62, 64, 90 Hydraulic lifting................................................................................................................36, 50 Hydraulic pipes..................................................................................43, 50, 54, 65, 68, 83, 90 Hydraulic ram..............................................................................10, 39-412 44, 54, 68, 90 105 Hydraulic system............................................................................................83, 139, 149, 170 Hydrostatic pressure..............................................................................................................94 IACS..................................................................................................................59, 60, 116-118 Ice..........................................................................................................................84, 145, 153 Inert gas................................................................................................................................129 Inner barrier............................................................................................................................32 Inner doors..............................................................................................................................17 Insulation ........................................................................................................................23, 68 Insurance ....................................................................................................................79, 87-88 Integrity................................................................................................3-5, 24, 60, 93, 148, 156 International Transport Federation (ITF)................................................................................57 Investigations........................................................................................................55-59, 87, 89 Iron ore......................................................................................................................19, 20, 55 ISM Code......................................................................................................................167, 168 Ladders..................................................................................................................14, 107, 139 Lashing....................................................................................................................23, 66, 169 Leaks..........................4, 14, 43, 50, 54, 64-65, 68, 79, 68, 80, 82, 83, 88-90, 93, 94, 99, 101, 105, 107-110, 123, 127, 133, 137-139, 149, 151 Letters of protest..................................................................................................................150 Hatch Covers - Operation, Testing and Maintenance 176 Liquid cargo............................................................................................................................20 Loading..............................19, 27, 30, 55, 59, 60, 88, 108, 135, 137, 139, 153, 156, 159, 169 Loadline................................................................................................3, 87, 93, 109, 117, 169 Locators............................................................................................................................27, 68 Locker......................................................................................................................57, 58, 147 Locking..........................................................................23, 30, 35, 36, 42, 53, 60, 64, 83, 105 Logs......................................................................................................................23, 24, 30, 61 Longitudinal movement..........................................................................................................60 Longitudinal strength............................................................................3, 31, 48, 56, 60, 61, 65 LR Test..................................................................................................................................116 Lubripad ..........................................................................................................................44, 45 Lugs........................................................................................31, 40, 42, 51, 61, 66, 68, 79, 81 MacGregor..............15, 21, 34, 35, 43-46, 52, 53, 62, 63, 66, 67, 87, 105, 106, 115, 118, 157 Maintenance planning..........................................................................................................168 MARIN..............................................................................................................................58, 59 Marine Surveyor..................................................................................................85, 87, 89, 108 Master..................................................................3, 55, 90, 108, 109, 135, 137, 146, 151, 153 MCA........................................................................................................................................87 Movement..............................................................................................3, 4, 32, 60, 64, 82, 83 Multi-purpose vessels................................................................................................23, 39, 61 Munck Loader........................................................................................................................19 Nitrate tests..................................................................................................140, 150, 153, 159 Non return bars......................................................................................................................38 Non-return valves............................................................................................27, 76, 134, 168 Non-watertight................................................................................................76, 106, 107, 110 Nozzle hold............................................................................................................................94 OBO......................................................................................................................20, 27, 50, 55 OHV..............................................................................................................107, 109, 110, 171 Outturn..................................................................................................................................88 oxidation........................................................................................................................141-143 P&I....................................................................................23, 61, 68, 76, 87, 88, 109, 115, 153 Packing................28, 48, 68, 79, 127, 128, 134, 135, 140, 141, 143, 145, 153, 155, 156, 171 Pads..................14, 32-35, 38, 40, 44, 45, 49, 50, 60, 79, 82, 83, 90, 107, 121, 127, 134, 168 Pallets ..................................................................................................................................145 Panamax ..........................................................................................................................20-22 Panel rollers......................................................................................................................38, 52 Panel Wheel..........................................................................................................................128 Penetration of water ..............................................................................................................76 Piggy-back........................................................................................................................61-63 Piggy-Back Hatch Covers ......................................................................................................63 Pipes............................14, 42, 43, 50, 54, 59, 64, 65, 68, 82, 83, 90, 134, 135, 139, 147, 150 Pit-props................................................................................................................................23 Plates..................................................................4, 14, 19, 27, 29, 37, 64, 66-67, 90, 135, 169 Plating....................................................................................................56, 134, 140, 168, 170 Pollution............................................................................................................................84, 88 Pontoons..........................................................................................10, 28-30, 66, 68, 106, 107 Pulleys......................................................................................................................52-54, 169 Index 177 QC Program standards ........................................................................................................116 Quadruple panels ..................................................................................................................66 Raising devices ......................................................................................................................83 Rams........................................................................................................10, 27, 41-43, 54, 90 Reefer vessels........................................................................................................................68 Rigidity ..............................................................................................14, 31, 39, 48, 50, 61, 65 Rolled steel..........................................................................................................................142 Rollers......................................................................14, 31, 35-38, 42, 52, 53, 61, 64, 90, 122 Rolling covers..........................................................................................................50, 61, 168 Rolltite..............................................................................................................................27, 47 Rubber protection................................................................................................................104 Rubber seals ............15, 24, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 44, 45, 46, 48-50, 53, 58, 69, 79, 80, 95, 121, 24, 127, 128, 138-140, 149, 156 Rust ........................................................................................79, 134, 137-139, 141-143, 159 Safe operation................................................................................................................83, 169 Safety......................................................................27, 57, 59, 83, 90, 107, 110, 167, 168, 170 Sagging....................................................................................................................................3 Samsonite....................................................................................................................103, 171 Seal channel......................................................................................31, 80, 95, 124, 127, 129 Sealing foam........................................................................................................................156 Sealing mechanism ..............................................................................................................23 Sealing tapes........................................................................................................................135 Sealing valves......................................................................................................................169 Seals ................24, 33-35, 38-40, 43-45, 49, 50, 53, 54, 64, 67-69, 76, 79, 80, 82, 83, 90, 93 94, 109, 110, 121, 123, 127, 128, 134, 137, 149, 168, 169 Second barrier........................................................................................................................80 Securing devices..............................................27, 29, 32, 40, 49, 51, 61, 65, 66, 83, 168, 169 Shackle..................................................................................................................................40 Sheeting ......................................................................................................................141, 142 Sherlog ................................................................................................103-107, 115, 116, 171 Shimming..........................................................................................................................45, 83 Side chains......................................................................................................................36, 37 Single skin covers............................................................................................................21, 65 Skuld......................................................88, 135, 143, 146, 148, 150, 151, 154, 157, 159, 163 Stability ................................................................................................3, 4, 19, 20, 43, 68, 107 Stays....................................................................................................................13, 14, 31, 90 Stevedores ....................................................................................................14, 108, 109, 156 Stowage ................3, 14, 21, 23, 27, 29, 36, 37, 40, 42-43, 47, 49, 53, 61, 64, 67, 68, 88, 142 Sweat....................................................................................................................................159 Swing-seal systems ..............................................................................................................46 Tarpaulin ................................................................................................................9, 10, 27-29 Tensioners......................................................................................................................90, 170 Timber ................................................................................................10, 19, 23, 24, 28, 30, 61 Triple-panel configurations ....................................................................................................21 Tweendeck ..........................................................................................38, 64, 65, 93, 100, 109 Ultrasonic ......................................................................................................104, 117, 138-140 Ultrasound................76, 87, 93, 97, 99-101, 103, 105, 107-109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 121, 123 171 Hatch Covers - Operation, Testing and Maintenance 178 Underwriters............................................................................................................68, 88, 156 Valve ......................................................................................................................94, 124, 139 Valves ..............................................................27, 28, 76, 81, 90, 94, 124, 134, 139, 168, 169 Ventilation ............................................................................................................108, 137, 147 Ventilator cowl ......................................................................................................................138 Ventilators......................................................................20, 27, 28, 54, 59, 60, 68, 88, 94, 110 Vibration..........................................................................................................................83, 104 Visible corrosion ..........................................................................................................169, 170 Visual examination..................................................................................................................79 VLOC......................................................................................................................................20 Void spaces............................................................................................................................58 Water sensitive cargoes..........................................................................................................54 Water traces..................................................................................................................135, 151 Watertightness....................3-5, 14, 23-24, 32, 38, 40, 43-44, 49-50, 54, 64, 68, 73, 75-76, 88 93, 101, 134, 139, 148, 156 Weathertightness......................................3, 14, 23-24, 28, 68, 73, 75-76, 88-89, 93, 110, 168 Wedges..............................................................................................................9, 28-30, 38, 40 Wet damage..........................................................................................................................153 Windlass..............................................................31, 36, 37, 40, 49, 50, 53, 58, 61, 81, 83, 90