HelicopterOperations at Sea A Guide for Industry Second Edition by David J. House Witherby Seamanship International 4 Dunlop Square, Livingston, Edinburgh, EH54 8SB, Scotland, UK Tel No: +44(0)1506 463 227 - Fax No: +44(0)1506 468 999 Email: info@emailws.com - Web: www.witherbys.com Books by David J. House Marine Survival and Rescue Systems Navigation for Masters Seamanship Techniques Vols 1 and 2 First Edition 1992 Second Edition 1999 Reprinted 2011 ISBN 978 1 85609 168 6 eBook ISBN 978 1 85609 543 3 © House, David J. 1999 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Notice of Terms of Use All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher and copyright owner. While the principles discussed and the details given in this book are the product of careful consideration, the author and the publisher cannot in any way guarantee the suitability of recommendations made in this book for individual problems or situations, and they shall not be under any legal liability of any kind in respect of or arising out of the form or contents of this book or any error therein, or in the reliance of any person thereon. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow Published in 2011 by Witherby Publishing Group Ltd 4 Dunlop Square, Livingston Edinburgh, EH54 8SB Scotland, UK Tel No: +44(0)1506 463 227 Fax No: +44(0)1506 468 999 Email: info@emailws.com www.witherbyseamanship.com Front Cover Photograph: Petroleum Helicopter Incorporated Bell 407. Title Page Photograph: Bell 412 flying off the coast of Louisiana. Back Cover Photograph: The Sikorsky HH-60J Jayhawk. Viewed from the starboard side of the aircraft. Winch pod and survivor access point visible aft of pilots cockpit position. Preface iii PREFACE to First Edition (Previous title: An Introduction to Helicopter Operations at Sea- Published by Oilfield Publications Limited) The purpose of this work is to highlight the operational features of the helicopter when working within the marine industry. Hopefully, the many illustrations will also aid the reader in aircraft recognition and provide useful information for anyone working with rotary winged aircraft at sea and for offshore workers and seafarers who would like to be better informed. Throughout the text it has been my aim to provide the reader with an insight into the numerous types and tasks that fall to helicopters. It has been my desire that the safety aspects and high standards of the Civil Aviation Authority and the Marine Industry are maintained throughout this work and in all practical operations where helicopters operate in the marine environment. I would like to thank all who have contributed to the work and if it helps to provide a careful safety attitude in operations, then our combined efforts have become worth while. David John House (January 1992) PREFACE to Second Edition Helicopter Operations at Sea, has been re-issued because of the continual increase in helicopter activity within the marine environment. It is now quite apparent that the average Merchant Navy Officer can expect to engage in either routine helicopter operations or the emergency helicopter activity for which they have become so well known. The work is not designed to take anything away from the recognised ICS guide but if anything, to enhance the operators overall knowledge when dealing with these aircraft. Clearly, with the many manufacturers, models and configurations currently engaged in marine operations no operator could expect to become proficient in all aspects immediately. If the reader benefits in even a small way, towards helicopter recognition or improved safety operations then the publication will have been worthwhile. David John House (April 1999) Next page: The EH101 Merlin, operating from HMS Northumberland, a Type 23 Royal Navy frigate. v CONTENTS Preface iii Contents v List of Acknowledgments vii Index of Abbreviations viii List of Illustrations and Diagrams xi Introduction xxiii Chapter 1 Helicopter Passenger Procedures 1 Boarding procedures and passenger safety – Emergency response – Use of lifejackets and emergency instructions – Floatation gear – Ditched aircraft – Heli-immersion suits – Helicopters – Associated equipment – Heli-raft. Chapter 2 Routine Helicopter Operations at Sea 19 Deck landings – Deck plan and ‘land on’ operations – Communications heli-deck landing sites – HLO duties – Surface navigation requirements – On deck emergency – Hook handler and heli-deck personnel – Winching. Chapter 3 Ship Types and Helicopter Reception Facilities 43 Personnel duties and responsibilities – Reception facilities aboard commercial vessels: Tankers – Passenger – Ro-Ro – Dry cargo ships – Bulk carriers – Container ships – Passenger ships – Marine Pilot operations – Anti-pollution control – Ice reconnaissance – General commercial ship/helicopter operations. Chapter 4 Helicopter Types and Operational Features 63 Aircraft particulars – General all purpose marine helicopter – Commercial aircraft – Helicopter profiles and specific information – Endurance – Operational ranges and payload capacities – Civilian operational roles – Helicopter hoist/winch details. Chapter 5 Search and Rescue Role of the Helicopter 91 SAR operational detail – Search information and helicopter equipment – Hoist operations – Surface vessel engagement – Surface craft types – Liferafts – Lifeboats – Rescue boats – Wet deck landings RNLI operations – Hi-line method – Baskets and surface recovery alternatives. vi Helicopter Operations at Sea – a Guide for Industry Chapter 6 Military Role of the Helicopter at Sea 135 Helicopter types and features – Anti-submarine role – Profile of the ‘Sea King’ helicopter – Airborne early warning – Strike aircraft – Utility operations – Personnel transfer – Underslung loads – Dipping sonar – Carrier based aircraft – Mine clearance option. Chapter 7 Helicopter Support Facilities 157 Surface vessel/helicopter interaction – Hanger and maintenance facilities – Offshore refuelling and support activity – Military Helicopter Assault ships – HMS ‘Ocean’ and HMS ‘Argus’ – U.S. Coastguard surface support – Air traffic control. Chapter 8 Profile of the New EH-101 – MERLIN Helicopter 163 Aircrafts capabilities – Construction and equipment – Navy role: Anti-submarine warfare – Operational detail and range comparisons. Chapter 9 Helicopter Training and Development 173 Tilt rotor concept – Helicopter tracking systems – Composite fuselage constructional advances – Training activities and organisations – Emergency Ditching – Capsize and dry evacuation training – Controlled and semi-controlled training scenarios. xi List of Illustrations and Diagrams Front Cover: Petroleum Helicopter Incorporated Bell 407. Page iv: EH-101 Merlin Helicopter landing on HMS Northumberland. Page 1: 1. Offshore production workers disembark from a Westland 30 Helicopter operated by British Airways. Page 2: 2. A Bell 214 Super Transport – engages in the ferry of passengers to the heli-deck of a semi-submersible drilling rig. Note position of totally enclosed lifeboats. Page 3: 3. A Bell 206L. Long Ranger Helicopter on route from an offshore installation. Floatation gear clearly identified on the landing skids. Page 4: 4a. The Beaufort Mk 28 gas inflated aviation lifejacket being worn in conjunction with a thermal protective heli-suit. The lifejacket is illustrated in the deflated condition as would normally be worn by personnel inside the aircraft. Page 5: 4b. Mk.28 Beaufort lifejacket in the gas inflated condition 4c. Mk.28 Beaufort lifejacket inflated condition with the face splash guard deployed. Page 6: Diagram 1.1 Example of Emergency Procedure Instructions for use with Beaufort Mk.28 Aviation Lifejacket Reproduced by kind permission of Bond Helicopters. Page 7: Diagram 1.2 Established Waterline for a Bell 214 ST using emergency floatation gear at a gross weight of 17500 lbs. Page 8: Diagram 1.3 Location of the emergency floatation gear on the Dauphin 365C helicopter. Diagram 1.4 Personnel evacuate the Dauphin 365C from either side of the aircraft into liferafts deployed to both port and the starboard Rear doors on both sides slide backwards and are locked into position. Front doors are jettisoned by manual operation of a release leaver in the event of emergency. Page 9: Diagram 1.5 The AS 332 L1 Super Puma Utility Variant – Capacity 24. Integrated liferafts are folded into the sponsons of the aircraft and are capable of being jettisoned from either the cabin or the cockpit. xii Helicopter Operations at Sea – a Guide for Industry Page 10: 5. Typical skid mounted floatation gear pictures on the Bolko 117 helicopter. Page 11: 6. BK117. Helicopter with floatation gear deployed. Page 12: 7. Bell 407 Landing on offshore installation. 8. The S61N providing HM Coastguard cover. Featured with float/pontoon landing gear. This aircraft is built with an amphibious hull which permits amphibious surface operations, weather permitting. 9. Puma Helicopter (Aerospatiale) featured with float/pontoon landing gear. Page 13: 10. Heli-immersion suite manufactured by Helly-Hansen provides flame and heat protection. (Integral life jacket may be an optional extra.) Page 14: 11. The Heli-immersion suit. Page 16: Diagram 1.6 Operation of the Heli-raft following a helicopter ditching. Page 17: Diagram 1.7 Single heli-raft deployment sequence in an airborne rescue operation. Page 18: Diagram 1.8 Deployment sequence for a second or multiple heli-raft use. Page 19: 12. S61N featured with underslung load in flight. Page 20: 13. The new EH-101 Merlin ASW helicopter engages with HMS Norfolk. Page 22: 14. Oil Tanker with obstructed deck space and limited operational area for helicopter activity. 15. Sea King Mk 5. Landing on the deck of HMS Illustrious. 16. Oil Tanker with clear areas of deck space and designated helicopter operational areas to Port or Starboard. Page 23: Diagram 2.1 Deck plan for shipboard helicopter operation. Page 24: 17. Restricted landing area is visible starboard side amidships. Diagram 2.2 Minimum measurement for safe helicopter landings. Page 25: Diagram 2.3 Landing area suitable for most single rotor type helicopters. Page 26: 18. Royal Navy SAR Sea King making a deck landing aboard a Royal Fleet Auxiliary vessel. NB Note the position of the winch pod above the starboard access doorway. Page 27: 19. Heli-deck landing site on an offshore installation Westland 30 helicopter about to land on. 20. The Castoro 10 trench barge. The deck area, craneage, davits and fabrication facilities allow the barge to be used for sub-sea installation and tie-in work. List of Illustrations and Diagrams xiii Page 29: 21. A clear winch area with no obstructions. Diagram 2.4 Manoeuvring zone requirements. Page 33: 22. Chinook 234 – Engaged in personnel ferrying operations in the North Sea. Page 35: 23. Puma AS 330J with underslung load. Page 36: 24. Lucas rescue hoist system. Page 37: 25. Electric Hoist (manufactured by Lucas Aerospace) – main characteristics. Page 38: 26. Heli-pad, with well fitted landing surface net accommodating a Westland 30 helicopter. Page 40: 27. Helicopter landing and operation areas e.g. an offshore installation. Page 41: Diagram 2.5 Searchlights similar to the above are carried as an additional extra to landing lights and is not meant to take the place of the requirements for landing lights. Page 43: 28. RAF Wessex Helicopter engages with Roll On, Roll Off, vehicle ferry. Open deck space with Yellow Spot operational area marked in a position forward of the funnel (seen towards the stern of the vessel). Page 45: 29. The new style ferry with catamaran hull – midships funnel, with numerous aerials in the bridge area. Open deck spaces forward and midships, adequate for single hoist operations but pilots may encounter manoeuvring difficulties with a total evacuation of 500 passengers inside the vessels length. Page 46: 30. Shell Tanker M.S. Norrisia 109,999 dwt. Page 47: 31. Deck clutter on a typical small chemical tanker. Page 48: 32. A modern Ro-Ro ferry for passenger and vehicle transportation showing good helicopter access areas. Page 49: 33. Dry cargo vessels generally present few clear areas for helicopter operations. Page 50: 34. An S61N of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency engages in a hoist operation from the after-deck of an offshore supply vessel. Page 51: 35. Sea King Helicopter engages with small coasting vessel. Rough seas and heavy rolling of smaller ships shows land-on situations as being impractical. Upper rigging also presents risks to hoist operations. xiv Helicopter Operations at Sea – a Guide for Industry Page 52: 36. Bulk Carrier in ballast – trim showing high freeboard. Note accessibility in the area of the forward hatch cover. Page 53: 37. Clear deck space is seldom available on container ships. Note the uneven stowage of the deck containers in the above illustration. Page 54: 38. A loaded container vessel showing stacks of containers up to five high. Page 55: 39 and 40. Container vessels showing further examples of irregular stacking and stacking of containers up to six in height. Helicopter landings in such circumstances would be most unwise. Page 56: 41. A range of access points present themselves aboard the present day passenger vessel. Page 57: 42. A passenger liner has good landing points for helicopters Curious passengers should be strictly marshalled. Page 59: 43. Sea Empress aground off Milford Haven, February 1996, with salvage tugs in attendance. Page 60: 44. Aerospatiale SA 365N Dauphin helicopter operating with the Le Havre Marine Pilot. Page 62: 45. Sikorsky HH-60J Jayhawk helicopter, Medium Range Recovery in service with the U.S. Coastguard (Ref. page 77). Page 64: Diagram 4.1 Configuration for a general purpose helicopter (Dauphine SA 365N). ** Endurance SA 365 ‘C’ approx 1.5 hours SA 365 ‘N’ & ‘N2’ approx. 3 hours + reserve. Page 65: Diagram 4.2 Dauphin 2 SA 32265N. 46. Aerospatiale SA 365 N helicopter in commercial operations world wide. This particular aircraft fitted with winch capability and engaged for SAR duties in the North Sea. Page 66: 47. Dauphin 2 – A reliable workhorse. 48. Interior and winching arrangement of the Dauphin SA 365N. Page 67: 49. Starboard side aspect on Dauphin SA 365N. 50. Special design feature of inset tail rotor, ‘Fenestron’ technology protects against tail rotor accidents and assists stability in flight against strong cross winds. Page 68: Diagram 4.3 S-76 Mark II – Sikorsky. 51. Sikorsky S-76 Mk II employed throughout the world by commercial operators. Page 70: 52. Sikorsky S-76B helicopter differs from the S-76A, being fitted with two P T6B-36 Pratt & Whitney Canada engines. List of Illustrations and Diagrams xv Page 71: 53. Sophisticated SAR: The new Sikorsky S-76 search and rescue helicopter is the first civil helicopter to be certified by the Federal Aviation Administration with an automatic approach to hover system under IFR conditions. A Honeywell SPZ-7600 avionics system allows automatic deceleration and descent to hover from a cruise condition. Note searchlight on port side and winch gear to starboard. Page 72: Diagram 4.4 BO 105 CBS – Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm GmbH. 54. The MBB 105 CBS twin-engined offshore helicopter. Page 73: Diagram 4.5 Medical evacuation configuration of the Bolkow 105 CBS. Diagram 4.6 Offshore equipped BO 105 (a) 1 pilot, 4 passengers, 60kg cargo* (b) 1 pilot, 2 passengers, 50kg cargo, 1 long range fuel tank* *with fuel reserve 30 minutes. Page 74: Diagram 4.7 222 UT (Utility Twin) (Bell Helicopter Textron). 55. Bell 222 UT. Page 75: Diagram 4.8 206B Jetranger III (Bell Helicopter Textron). 56. Bell Helicopter – 206B ‘Jet Ranger’ III. Page 76: 57. The Bell 206L-3 Longranger III a larger capacity variant of the Jet Ranger III model 206B. Diagram 4.9 The Sikorsky HH-60J Jayhawk medium range recovery helicopter. Page 79: Diagram 4.10 Super Frelon AS 321G (Aerospatiale). 58. An AS 321G. Note: helo-basket (see later chapter for details of evacuation of casualties). Page 80: Diagram 4.11 Super Puma AS 332L (Aerospatiale). 59. Super Puma AS 332 all weather mission capability helicopter engaged in commercial operations. Page 81: Diagram 4.12 Super Puma – additional features. Diagram 4.13 Super Puma – operational details. Page 82: Diagram 4.14 Puma helicopter – accommodation/capacity variants. Page 83: Diagram 4.15 214 ST (Super Transport) (Bell Helicopter Textron). 60. Bell – 214 ‘Super Transport’ helicopter. Page 84: Diagram 4.16 412 SP (Special Performance) (Bell Helicopter Textron). 61. Bell – 412 Helicopter. Emergency flotation gear clearly identified on the landing struts. Page 85: Diagram 4.17 Westland 30 (Westland). 62. Offshore personnel disembark from a Westland 30 helicopter aboard an installation in the North Sea. Page 86: Diagram 4.18 Westland 30 helicopter operation features. 63. Note: there is plenty of room for passengers and luggage alike. xvi Helicopter Operations at Sea – a Guide for Industry Page 87: 64. Boeing Chinook engaged with the Canadian Armed Forces – rescue missions. Page 88: Diagram 4.19 Boeing Chinook tandem rotor helicopter operational detail. 65. Chinook 234 operated by British Airways deck landing on a North Sea oil rig. Page 89: 66. Flight control instrumentation Boeing ‘Chinook’. Page 90: 67. Boeing Chinook – operating offshore. Page 91: 68. Sea King helicopter of the Royal Air Force SAR flight carries out a coastline hoist operation of a casualty. Page 92: 69. An RAF Wessex helicopter engages in a casualty hoist operation over water. Page 93: 70. Bell 412 helicopter engages in hoist operations. Page 96: 71. Aircrew prepare to engage in rescue operations. Note the static line and communication cable fitted to the observer. (Bristows Helicopters.) Page 97: 72. Sea King Mk 2. Of 819 Naval Air Squadron engaged in rescue operations illustrating well the extreme difficulties under which helicopters carry out their tasks. Page 99: 73. An S61N operating for the United Kingdom Coastguard based at Lee on Solent displays rescue equipment and crew. 74. Royal Navy Sea King Mk.5. engages with RNLI in recovery/hoist operation. Page 100: 75. Sea King Mk.2 Twin engine helicopter, 4 crew. Rolls Royce Gnome engines. Speed 125 knots. Operational range 275 miles. High levels of co-ordination and skill are required for combined searches where surface vessels and aircraft are involved. Here the Royal Navy and RNLI work at close quarters. 76. British Coastguard Helicopter Type S61N operating with the Royal National Lifeboat Institution in hoist operations. 77. A Sikorsky S-76 attached to the Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force engaged on search and rescue and marine patrol activity. (Pre 1997 hand-over to China.) Page 101: 78. Sea King Helicopter of the Belgium Air Force engages in Rescue Hoist Operations. Note downdraft pattern. Page 102: Diagram 5.1 European search areas. Diagram 5.2 United Kingdom SAR helicopter coverage. List of Illustrations and Diagrams xvii Page 104: 79. Single strop/vertical lift being demonstrated by a Wessex Mk5 helicopter. Showing the relative positions of the frogman supporting the head of the casualty and the casualty with arms at the side. 80. An SAR Sea King of the Royal Air Force engages in a stretcher transfer. Page 105: 81. The motor vessel Sweetie Sandra wallows in a sea, while a Royal Navy Sea King engages in hoist operations. Page 109: 82: HH65 Dolphin helicopter, operational as an all purpose light recovery aircraft with the U.S. Coastguard. (See page 65, Ref., Dauphin SA365.) Page 110: 83. The underside of a HH3F Pelican engaged with the U.S. Coastguard engages in rescue operations while attending the Dutch Cruise Ship Princendan following a fire and explosion aboard the vessel. 84. An HH52A (Variant of the S62 series) in operation with the U.S. Coastguard illustrates manoeuvring the recovery basket into the access of the aircraft. Page 111: Diagram 5.3 Example arrangement of helo-rescue basket. Diagram 5.4 Use of the double strop being demonstrated to illustrate the horizontal hoist method as an alternative to the single strop or vertical lift. Page 112: 85. A S61N of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency engages in a double strop hoist recovery operation. 86. Wessex Mk.5 helicopter engages in a hoist operation from a totally enclosed lifeboat. Page 115: 87. Fleet Air Arm Rescue Petty Officer Aircrewman Larry Slater is winched down to the M.V. Caroline to try and rescue the last remaining crew members. Page 116: 88. Hi-line about to cross over liferaft. Page 117: 89. The photograph shows an HH-3F Pelican operated by the U.S. Coastguard engaged in surface recovery operations This aircraft is similar to the HH-3E’s, (conversions from the CH-3E model, Jolly Green Giants). Page 119: Diagram 5.5 Helicopter approach for lifeboat evacuation. Diagram 5.6 Helicopter station holding alongside lifeboat optional position for Hi-line engagement. Page 120: Diagram 5.7 Helicopter and lifeboat – direct contact hoist position. 90. Example of totally enclosed lifeboat with limited decking and handholds. Page 121: 91. Partially enclosed lifeboat with midships roll-down canopies opened. 92. Partially enclosed lifeboat with midships roll-down canopies deployed. xviii Helicopter Operations at Sea – a Guide for Industry Page 122: 93. Survival Systems International 21 man capsule on the water with upper hatch open. Page 124: 94. Example: Marine liferafts vary in size but in general are 4-6 man size for the leisure boating fraternity and 10-25 man size for the shipping industry. Exceptions are the 45 man size rafts employed with Marine Evacuation Systems (MES) and the single man rafts used by military air force personnel At the time of writing, larger 100 man liferafts are being deployed with alternative evacuation systems. 95 and 96. Air Force personnel under simulated night time training with single seat liferafts manufactured by RFD: Dimensions – height 820 mm, length 1570 mm and width, at the widest part, 980 mm. Page 125: Diagram 5.8 Helicopter approaches from downwind a fully prepared liferaft. Page 127: 97. An SAR equipped Dauphin 2 of Bond Helicopters. Note winch gear pod position over starboard access point. 98. Surface downdraft effect around a heli-raft on the water. Page 128: 99. Heli-raft with upper canopy deployed following simulated helicopter ditch training. Page 130: 100. A good example of a Fast Rescue Craft (FRC). 101. S61N Helicopter and FRC working together. Page 131: 102. Dedicated smaller vessels like this North Sea Stand-by vessel provide straightforward access for the helicopter winchman. Note clear deck area aft and FRC in davits. Fishing vessels and small coasters present a more problematical access and are often only approachable using the hi-line technique. Page 132: 103. Obstructed deck of a fishing vessel. Extensive upper rigging would present problems to aircrew attempting to make a deck landing. Page 134: 104. An S-76 Helicopter operated by Bristows Helicopters engages in winch operations with an offshore supply vessel. Page 136: 105. Royal Navy Wessex HU5 capable of carrying 16 marine commandos and well proven in the Falklands campaign. Also a tried and tested SAR machine and a good example of military development channelled into civilian and commercial applications. Page 137: 106. Westland Sea King Mk.4 engaged in lifting a 3.5 ton tracked vehicle. Mk.4 helicopter sold overseas as the Westland Commando helicopter. Page 138: Diagram 6.1 Sea King (Mks 2,3,4 and 5) (Westland). 107. Westland ‘Sea King’ Mk.5 helicopter retrieving sonar submersible unit. List of Illustrations and Diagrams xix Page 139: 108. Westland Sea King Mk.5 showing main rotor folded to ease stowage, being raised to the flight deck aboard HMS ‘Illustrious’. Page 141: 109. A Royal Navy Sea King lifts off from well ordered heli-deck of the RFA ‘Fort Austin’. 110. A Sea King Mk.2 engages in hoist operations with a Royal Navy submarine. Page 142: 111. Sea King Helicopter engaged in survivor recovery Falklands Campaign 1982 Helicopters used the downdraft from the rotors to drive liferafts away from the smoke and flames of burning ships. 112. The EH-101 – Merlin, the new Anti-submarine Warfare (ASW) helicopter to be used by the Royal Navy (44 aircraft are currently on order for the RN). Triple engine and five (5) blade rotor features. Page 143: Diagram 6.2 SH-60B Seahawk (Sikorsky). 113. Sikorsky SH-60B Seahawk helicopter in service with the United States Navy. Page 144: 114. SH-60B Seahawk – note downdraft pattern. Page 145: 115. Sikorsky UH-60A Black Hawk helicopter. Variants of the Black Hawk include: U.S. Army’s EH-60A Quick Fix electronic warfare version. U.S. Navy SH-60B Sea Hawk, anti-submarine. U.S. Air Force HH-60D ‘Night Hawk’ combat/rescue helicopter. Diagram 6.3 Black Hawk – configuration being used in the medevac role. Page 146: Diagram 6.4 Gazelle SA 342 L1 (Westland/Aerospatiale). 116. Westland/Aerospatiale Gazelle Helicopter – fitted with flotation gear. Page 147: 117. Royal Navy Lynx helicopter – manufactured by Westland. High speed, multi-purpose twin engined aircraft effective in anti-submarine work and search and attack operations against surface vessels. Seen fitted with Mk.44 torpedoes. 118. Westland Lynx helicopter in service with the Royal Navy seen fitted with Mk.44 Torpedoes together with MAD – Magnetic Anomaly Detector. 119. Westland Lynx helicopter, in service with the Royal Navy fitted with Sea Skua missiles Anti-submarine role, also employed for search and strike against surface craft. Page 148: Diagram 6.5 Sea Dragon MH-53 Airbourne Mine Countermeasures (AMCM) (Sikorsky). 120. Navy Sea Dragon illustrating mid-air refuelling nozzle from starboard side. Page 149: 121. MH-53E Super Stallion tows a mine counter measures sled. Page 150: Diagram 6.6 CH-53E Super Stallion helicopter (Sikorsky). 122. Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion helicopter. xx Helicopter Operations at Sea – a Guide for Industry Page 151: 123. CH-53E Super Stallion. Page 152: 124. A Sea King of the Federal Germany Navy Air Wing engages in recovery operations. Page 153: 125. Aerospatiale/Westland Puma helicopters in service with the RAF SA 330E (operated as ‘Puma’ HC Mk.1). Page 154: 126. Boeing Chinook – Sea Knight H-46 engages in under slung load/heavy lift operations with the U.S. Navy. Page 155: 127. Sea Knight Chinooks engage with U.S. surface vessels in the transport of under slung loads. Page 156: 128. HMS Ocean. Helicopter/Commando carrier. Page 158: 129. RFA Argus - A converted container vessel commissioned to meet the aviation training needs of the Royal Navy. As a helicopter support ship she can carry six Sea King or EH-101s and has flexibility to embark Harrier Jump Jets or the large tandem rotor Chinooks. Page 159: 130. Sea King helicopter operational with RFA Fort Grange. 131. Two RN Duke Class Frigates steam alongside a fleet replenishment vessel: Heli-decks prominent on all three vessels. Page 160: 132. Sea King Helicopter engages in hoist and transfers of stores from the RFA Fort Austin to HMS Birmingham. Extensive landing and hangar facilities shown on board the Fort Austin. 133. RFA Fort Austin in convoy with the carrier HMS Illustrious. Two Sea King helicopters displayed on the heli-landing area with rotors folded. 134: U.S. Coastguard Cutter on courtesy visit to Liverpool, England. Extensive radar and communications ability within the vessel, together with helicopter landing facility aft. The USCG also operate many inshore fast rescue craft, numerous Jayhawk (MRR) helicopters together with fixed winged aircraft. They operate bases throughout the U SA and control the AMVER organisation from New York and San Francisco. Page 161: 135. A storage tank for Jet-A fuel. Page 162: Diagram 7.1. Air traffic control zones and airways. Page 163: 136. Pre-production variant of the Anglo-Italian EH-101 Royal Navy Merlin. Page 164: Diagram 8.1 EH-101 (Augusta/Westland). Page 165: Diagram 8.2 Exposed section of EH-101. Page 166: Diagram 8.3 EH 101 Operational arrangement. 137. Commercial variant EH-101. List of Illustrations and Diagrams xxi Page 167: Diagram 8.4 SAR/Medivac configuration EH-101. Diagram 8.5 SAR coverage 1 hour from call out Sea King/EH-101. Page 168: Diagram 8.6 SAR coverage 2 hours from call out Sea King/EH-101. Diagram 8.7 SAR coverage (fly through with maximum fuel) ‘Sea King’/EH-101. Page 169: Diagram 8.8 EH-101 ASW configuration. Page 170: Diagram 8.9 Blade fold on the Merlin to facilitate shipboard stowage and economise deck space. Page 171: 138. Royal Navy Merlin Helicopter deck landing with the Type 23 frigate HMS Iron Duke. 139. EH-101 Helilner variant for employment in the civilian environments. Page 172: 140. EH-101 Merlin with blade fold ready to enter hangar aboard HMS Norfolk. Page 173: 141. The XV-15 Tilt Rotor Concept – joint programme with the U.S. Army/Navy, NASA and Bell Helicopters. Hover capability and flying capability of 300 knots as a normal aircraft. Page 174: 142. Photographic Impression of Vertical Lift Aircraft Transport Capability. Page 175: Diagram 9.1 A.D.E.L.T. operational methods. Page 176: Diagram 9.2 Emergency Location Aid – A.D.E.L.T. 143. A.D.E.L.T. in-situ. Page 177: 144. S-61N UK. Coastguard Helicopter – Aircrew training with capsized canoeist off the coastline, use of hand flare being employed. NB. Rescue boat on stand-by and calm weather conditions. Page 178: 145. Wessex Mk.5 Helicopter engages in training activity in the evacuation of stretcher casualties from a totally enclosed lifeboat. Page 179: 146. Use of the helicopter lifting strop over water in subdued light conditions. Page 180: 147. Simulated capsize training exercise. Page 181: 148. Helicopter cross section (Dunker) being lowered into water. 149. Trainees escape from partially submerged training module. Page 182: 150. Exercise conducted in a semi-controlled environment of coastal waters in moderate to calm weather conditions. Rescue boat on stand-by (out of picture) in tidal waters. xxii Helicopter Operations at Sea – a Guide for Industry Page 183: 151. Survival drill for aircrew. Simulated surface wave conditions in a controlled training tank. Life jacket and flying gear in use in subdued light conditions. 152. Training activity with Wessex Mk.5 SAR helicopter of the Royal Air Force. Operating with fast rescue craft, small coastal fishing craft and marine personnel. 74 Helicopter Operations at Sea – a Guide for Industry Name of Aircraft: 222 UT (Utility Twin) 11.33 (3.45) Dimensions are given in feet (meters) 12.6 (12.98)7.8 (2.38) 10.5 (3.20)5.38 (1.64) Diagram 4.7 Manufacturer: Bell Helicopter Textron OPERATIONAL FEATURES Cruise Speed: 156 knots. Endurance: 3.9 hours. Range: 415 nm. Take off weight: 8400 lbs. Civilian Variant Seating capacity for 10 persons. Approved single pilot IFR operations. Powered by twin Lycoming LTS-101-750C engines. Also Bell 230. 55. Bell 222 UT. Helicopter Types and Operational Features 75 Name of Aircraft: 206B JETRANGER III 39.1 (11.91) Dimensions are given in feet (metres) 8.1 (2.47) 31.2 (9.50) 4.33 (1.32) 6.4 (1.95) Diagram 4.8 Manufacturer: Bell Helicopter Textron OPERATIONAL FEATURES Cruise Speed: 140 knots. Endurance: 3.5 hours. Range: 400 nm. Take off weight: 3350 lbs. Civilian Variant Seating capacity ‘5’ persons. Engaged as an air taxi, executive transport, police service aircraft, ‘Medivac’ or aerial crane (Hook load 1500 lbs). Powered by single turbine — Alison engine (C20J). Single engine aircraft and has limited use in offshore operations. Also Longranger variant Bell 206L-3 (see photo next page). Military Variant TH-57 ‘Sea Ranger’. Employed by the U.S. Navy as a helicopter trainer aircraft. OH-58A ‘Kiowa’. Employed by the U.S. Army as a light observation aircraft. Modified version (OH-58C) fitted with a more powerful engine to provide improved survivability and increased performance. OH-58D Current development under the Army Helicopter Improvement Programme (AHIP). A high technology aircraft with advanced cockpit, mast mounted sight and multi-mission capability for service with the U.S. Army. 56. Bell Helicopter – 206B Jet Ranger III.