Section
INTRODUCTION
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF PICTURES
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 PRINCIPLES OF MOORING
1.1 General
1.2 Forces Acting on the Ship
1.2.1 Wind and Current Forces
1.3 Mooring Pattern
1.4 Elasticity of Lines
1.5 General Mooring Guidelines
1.6 Operational Considerations
1.7 Terminal Mooring System Management
1.7.1 Operating Limits
1.7.2 Operating Guidelines/Mooring Limits
1.7.3 Joint Terminal/Ship Meeting and Inspection
1.7.4 Instrumented Mooring Hooks or Visual Inspection of Mooring
Lines
1.8 Ship Mooring Management
1.8.1 Line Tending
1.9 Emergency and Excessively High Mooring Load Conditions
1.10 Limitations on Use of Tugs and Boats
1.11 General Recommendations
1.11.1 Recommendations for Berth Designers
1.11.2 Recommendations for Terminal Operators
1.11.3 Recommendations for Ship Designers
1.11.4 Recommendations for Ship Operators
2 MOORING RESTRAINT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA
2.1 General Considerations
2.2 Standard Environmental Criteria
2.3 Calculation of Forces
2.4 Mooring Restraint Requirements
2.4.1 Basic Principles of Mooring Calculations 2.4.1.1 The Principle of Static Equilibrium
Section
2.4.1.2 The Load/Deflection Characteristics of each Mooring
Line and Breasting Dolphin
2.4.1.3 The Geometrical Relationship between the Parts of
the System
2.4.2 Standard Restraint Requirements
2.5 Site-Specific Environmental Data and Mooring Line Loads
2.5.1 Most Probable Maximum (MPM) Wave Motions
3 MOORING ARRANGEMENTS AND LAYOUTS
3.1 Principal Objectives
3.2 Requirements at Piers and Sea Islands
3.2.1 Number, Size and Type of Lines
3.2.2 Arrangements for Breast Lines
3.2.3 Arrangements for Spring Lines
3.2.4 Special Arrangements for Gas Carriers
3.3 Requirements at SPMs
3.4 Requirements for Emergency Towing, Escorting and Pull-Back
3.4.1 Fittings for Tug Escort and Pull-Back
3.5 Requirements for Multi-Buoy Moorings
3.6 Requirements for Harbour Towing
3.7 Requirements for Barge Mooring
3.8 Requirements for Canal Transit
3.9 Requirements for Ship-to-Ship (STS) Transfer
3.9.1 Requirements for Offtaker
3.9.2 Requirements for Discharge Ship
3.10 Arrangements at Cargo Manifolds
3.11 Mooring Augmentation in Exceptional Conditions
3.11.1 Provision of Shore Moorings
3.11.2 Use of Shore-Based Pulley
3.11.3 Advantage of Pulley System
3.11.4 Disadvantage of Pulley System
3.12 Emergency Towing-off Pennants
3.13 Combination of Various Requirements
3.14 Safety and Operational Considerations
3.15 Equipment and Fitting Line-up
4 DESIGN LOADS, SAFETY FACTORS AND STRENGTH
4.1 General
4.2 Basic Strength Philosophy
4.3 Existing Standards and Requirements
4.4 Recommended Design Criteria
4.4.1 Bitts (Double Bollards)
4.4.2 Single Cruciform Bollard
Section
4.4.3 Recessed Bitt
4.4.4 Closed Chocks
4.4.5 Pedestal Fairleads and Rollers of Button-Roller Chocks
4.4.6 Universal Fairlead (4 Roller Type)
4.4.7 Universal Fairlead (5 Roller Type)
4.4.8 Emergency Towing Arrangement
4.4.9 Single Point Mooring Equipment
4.4.10 Mooring Winches
4.4.11 Comparison of Combined Stresses with the 85% of Yield Criterion
4.5 Strength Testing of Mooring Fittings
4.6 Marking of Mooring Fittings
4.7 General Recommendations
4.7.1 Recommendations for Ship Designers
4.7.2 Recommendations for Ship Operators
5 STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMENTS
5.1 Basic Considerations
5.2 Mooring Winches
5.3 Chocks and Fairleads
5.4 Pedestal Fairleads
5.5 Bitts
5.6 Recessed Bitts
5.7 SPM Fittings and Smit Brackets
5.8 Tug Push Points
5.9 Special Considerations
5.9.1 Rounded Gunwale Connection
5.9.2 Doublers versus Inserts
5.9.3 High Strength Steel Fittings
5.10 Certification and Inspection
6 MOORING LINES
6.1 General
6.1.1 General Safety Hazards
6.1.2 Strength Criteria
6.1.3 Elasticity
6.1.4 Record Keeping
6.2 Wire Mooring Lines
6.2.1 Material
6.2.2 Construction
6.2.3 Corrosion Protection
6.2.4 Bend Radius
6.2.5 Handling, Inspection and Removal from Service
6.2.6 Standard Specifications
6.3 Conventional Fibre Mooring Lines
Section
6.3.1 General
6.3.1.1 Polyester
6.3.1.2 Polyamide (previously referred to as 'Nylon')
6.3.1.3 Polypropylene
6.3.1.4 Combinations of Materials
6.3.2 Construction
6.3.3 Bend Radius
6.3.4 Handling and Storage of Synthetic Lines
6.4 High Modulus Fibre Mooring Lines
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Properties of High Modulus Synthetic Fibres
6.4.3 High Modulus Synthetic Fibre Materials
6.4.3.1 Trade Names
6.4.3.2 Aramid Fibres
6.4.3.3 Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) Fibres
6.4.3.4 High Modulus Polyethylene (HMPE) Fibres
6.4.4 High Modulus Synthetic Rope Constructions
6.4.5 Characteristics
6.4.5.1 Strength
6.4.5.2 Elasticity
6.4.5.3 Chemical Resistance
6.4.6 Selection Criteria
6.4.6.1 Strength
6.4.6.2 Construction
6.4.6.3 Elastic Elongation
6.4.6.4 Coefficient of Friction
6.4.7 Installation
6.4.7.1 General
6.4.7.2 Chafe Protection
6.4.7.3 Mooring Winches
6.4.7.4 Fatigue and Service Life
6.4.8 Inspection and Removal from Service
6.5 Synthetic Tails
6.5.1 General
6.5.2 Tail Length
6.5.3 Retirement Criteria
6.5.4 Methods of Connecting Tails
7 WINCH PERFORMANCE, BRAKE HOLDING CAPACITY AND STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS
7.1 Function and Type of Mooring Winches
7.1.1 Automatic Tension Winches
7.2 Winch Drums
7.2.1 Split Drums
Section
7.2.2 Undivided Drums
7.2.3 Handling of SPM Pick-up Ropes
7.3 Winch Drives
7.3.1 Hydraulic Drives
7.3.2 Self-Contained Electro-Hydraulic Drives
7.3.3 Electric Drives
7.3.4 Steam
7.4 Winch Brakes
7.4.1 Layers of Mooring Line on Drum
7.4.2 Band Brakes
7.4.2.1 Torque Applied
7.4.2.2 Condition of the Winch
7.4.2.3 Winch in Gear
7.4.2.4 Friction Coefficient
7.4.2.5 Load Dependency of Holding Capacity
7.4.2.6 Sensitivity to Reeling Direction
7.4.3 Disc Brakes
7.4.4 Input Brakes
7.4.5 Winch Brake Testing
7.4.5.1 General
7.4.5.2 Frequency
7.4.5.3 Test Specification
7.4.5.4 Supervision of Testing
7.4.5.5 Test Equipment
7.4.5.6 Method of Testing
7.4.6 Brake Holding Capacity
7.5 Winch Performance
7.5.1 Rated Pull
7.5.2 Rated Speed
7.5.3 Light-Line Speed
7.5.4 Stall Heaving Capacity
7.5.5 Drum Capacity
7.6 Strength Requirements
7.7 Winch Testing
7.7.1 Rules Concerning Testing at Manufacturer's Facility for the
Acceptance of the Manufacturer and Purchaser
7.7.2 On-board Acceptance Test
7.8 Summary of Recommendations
7.8.1 Recommendations for Ship Designers
7.8.2 Recommendations for Ship Operators
8 MOORING FITTINGS
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mooring Bitts
Section
8.3 Cruciform Bollards
8.4 Closed and Panama-Type Chocks
8.5 Roller Fairleads and Pedestal Fairleads
8.6 Universal Roller Fairleads
8.7 Selection of Fitting Type
8.8 Stoppers
APPENDICES
A Wind and Current Drag Coefficients for VLCC's and Gas Carriers and Example Force Calculation
B Rope Over-strength
C Guidelines for Handling, Inspection and Removal from Service of Wire Mooring Lines
D Guidelines for Inspection and Removal from Service of Fibre Ropes
E Tanker Mounted SPM Fittings
F Strength of Chain Tensioned over a Curved Surface
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