7CTU CODE 2014 EDITION Chapter 2 De?nitions For the purpose of this Code, the following are de?ned: Absolute humidity of airActual amount of water vapour in the air, measured in g/m3 or g/kg. BoundaryRefers to the edges or walls of the CTU, and surrounds the cargo deck. Cargo deckThe area within the CTU boundaries onto which packages may be placed and secured. Cargo transport unit (CTU)A freight container, swap body, vehicle, railway wagon or any other similar unit in particular when used in intermodal transport. CarrierThe party who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of carriage by rail, road, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes. Can be further classi?ed as: –Road haulier; –Rail operator; –Shipping line. Clean CTUA CTU free from: –Any previous cargo residues; –Any securing materials used from previous consignments; –Any marks, placards or signs associated with previous consignments; –Any detritus (waste) that may have accumulated in the CTU; –Visible pests and other living or dead organisms, including any part, gametes, seeds, eggs or propagules of such species that may survive and subsequently reproduce; soil; organic matter; –All other items covered by contamination, infestation and invasive alien species that can be discovered upon visible inspection. Closed CTUA CTU which totally encloses the contents by permanent structures with complete and rigid surfaces. CTUs with fabric sides or tops are not considered as closed cargo transport units. CondensationConversion of water vapour into a liquid state. Condensation usually starts when air is cooled down to its dew point in contact with cold surfaces. ConsigneeThe party to whom a cargo is consigned under a contract of carriage or a transport document or electronic transport record. Also known as the receiver. ConsignorThe party who prepares a consignment for transport. If the consignor contracts the transport operation with the carrier, the consignor will undertake the function of the shipper and may also be known as: –The shipper (maritime); –The sender (road transport). ConsolidatorThe party performing a consolidation service for others. ContaminationVisible forms of animals, insects or other invertebrates (alive or dead, in any lifecycle stage, including egg casings or rafts), or any organic material of animal origin (including blood, bones, hair, ?esh, secretions, excretions); viable or non-viable plants or plant products (including fruit, seeds, leaves, twigs, roots, bark); or other organic material, including fungi; or soil, or water; where such products are not the manifested cargo within the CTU. 11CTU CODE 2014 EDITION Chapter 3 Key requirements This chapter identi?es those actions and tasks that are key to the safe packing and transport of cargo. 3.1 General –Do arrange for a safe working environment. –Do use safe handling equipment. –Do use appropriate personal protective equipment. –Do check that the CTU and any cargo securing equipment are in sound condition. –Do not smoke, eat or drink during packing, securing or unpacking. 3.2 Planning –Do select the most suitable CTU type to accommodate the cargo for the intended transport. –Do prepare a packing plan when deemed necessary. –Do select the securing methods best adapted to the characteristics of the cargo, the mode of transport and the properties of the CTU. –Do not exceed the permitted payload limits of the unit or the maximum allowed gross mass according to the CSC,* national road and rail regulations. 3.3 Packing –Do distribute heavy cargo appropriately over the ?oor area. –Do observe all handling instructions and symbols on packages such as “this side up”. –Do load with the centre of gravity correctly located in the CTU. –Do not concentrate heavy cargo on small areas of the ?oor. –Do not load with eccentric load distribution. –Do not build up irregular layers of packages if it can be avoided. –Do not stow heavy goods on top of light goods. –Do not stow goods with tainting odours together with sensitive merchandise. –Do not pack wet and damp goods if it can be avoided. –Do not use securing or protection equipment which is incompatible with the cargo. 3.4 Packing of dangerous goods –Do check that all packages are properly marked and labelled. –Do pack dangerous goods according to applicable dangerous goods regulations. –Do pack dangerous goods near the door of the CTU where possible. –Do af?x required placards, marks and signs on the exterior of the CTU. –Do not pack incompatible goods which should be segregated. –Do not pack damaged packages. * International Convention for Safe Containers, 1972. 17CTU CODE 2014 EDITION Chapter 5 General transport conditions 5.1 Within the supply transport chain, there are a number of different stresses acting on the cargo. These stresses may be grouped into mechanical and climatic stresses. Mechanical stresses are forces acting on the cargo under speci?c transport conditions. Climatic stresses are changes of climatic conditions including extremely low or high temperatures. 5.2 During transport various forces will act on the cargo. The force acting on the cargo is the mass of the cargo (m) which is measured in kg or ton, multiplied by the acceleration (a) which is measured in m/s2: F = m · a Acceleration considered during transport are the gravitational acceleration (a = g = 9.81 m/s2) and acceleration caused by typical transport conditions such as by the braking or rapid change of traf?c lanes by a road vehicle or by the motions of a ship in heavy sea. These accelerations are expressed as product of the gravitational acceleration (g) and a speci?c acceleration coef?cient (c) e.g. a = 0.8g. 5.3 The following tables provide the applicable acceleration coef?cients for the different modes of transport and for the various securing directions. To prevent a cargo from movement, the cargo has to be secured in longitudinal and transverse direction according to the worst combination of horizontal and corresponding vertical accelerations. The securing arrangement has to be designed to withstand the forces due to accelerations in each horizontal direction (longitudinal and transverse) separately (see chapter 9 and annex 7). Road transport Securing in Acceleration coef?cients Longitudinally (cx)Transversely (cy) Minimum vertically down (cz)forwardrearward Longitudinal direction0.80.5–1.0 Transverse direction––0.51.0 Rail transport (combined transport) Securing in Acceleration coef?cients Longitudinally (cx)Transversely (cy) Minimum vertically down (cz)forwardrearward Longitudinal direction0.5 (1.0)*0.5 (1.0)*–1.0 (0.7)* Transverse direction––0.51.0 (0.7)* * The values in brackets apply to shock loads only with short impacts of 150 milliseconds or shorter, and may be used, for example, for the design of packaging.