1 How to Read Electrical Diagrams
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Method of Representing Circuit Arrangements
1.3 Markings and Designations
1.4 Electrical Equipment Representation
1.5 How to Locate an Item in the Schematic Diagram
1.6 Diagram Sections and Segments References
1.7 Block Diagrams
1.8 Cable Diagrams and Cable Conductor Reference Tables
1.9 Wire and Conductor Numbering
1.10 Line Break References
1.11 Method of Wiring
1.12 Technical Data and Type Designations
2 Control Elements
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electrical Diagram Symbols
2.3 Abbreviations
3 Miniature Relays, Solid State Relays, Control Relays and Contactors
3.1 Terminal Markings and Contact Designation
3.2 Miniature Relays
3.3 Solid State Relays
3.4 Control Relays
3.5 Contactors
4 Overload Relays
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bimetal Overload Relays
4.3 Trip Class
4.4 Current Transformers’ Operated Overload Relay (Electronic Overload Relays)
4.5 Breakdowns Noted for Electronic Overload Relays
5 Motor Starter Protectors, Motor Protective Miniature Circuit-Breakers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 MSP Accessories
6 Rotary Switches, Selector Switches and Changeover Switches
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Selector Switches
6.3 Diagram Symbols
6.4 Rotary Switch
7 Timer Relays and Multifunctional Timer Relays
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Timer Relay Functions and Settings
7.3 Multifunction Timer
8 Protection and Monitoring Relays
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Current Monitoring Relay (over/under current monitoring relay)
8.3 Phase Imbalance Monitoring/3-phase Voltage Monitoring Relay
8.4 Thermistor Protection Units (PTC Relays) for Use with PTC Probes
8.5 3-Pole Multifunction Protection Relay
9 Three-Phase Induction Motors
9.1 Induction Motors
9.2 Induction Motor Terminal Features
9.3 Checking Stator Winding
9.4 Phase Current Tolerance
9.5 Verifying E-motor Windings
10 Motors Starters
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Direct-on-Line Starting (DOL)
10.3 Star-Delta Starters
11 Air Circuit-Breakers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Miniature Air Circuit-breakers
11.3 Moulded Case Air Circuit-breakers
11.4 Automatic Air Circuit-breakers
12 LV Power Plant, Main Switchboards, Emergency Switchboards and Power Distribution
12.1 Ship’s Power Plant
12.2 Power Plant Features
12.3 Power Management Features
12.4 Electrical Enclosures IP Class
12.5 Marine Cables/3M Heat Shrink Cables Repair Technology
13 High Voltage Systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Vacuum Circuit-Breakers
13.3 SF6 Circuit-Breakers
13.4 Working on HV Systems
14 Step-down Transformers
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Low Voltage Power Network
14.3 Transformer Parallel Operation
15 Generator Neutral Systems
15.1 Power System Networks
15.2 Ship Power Systems
15.3 LV Earthed Neutral System 220 V Network Features
16 Insulation Resistance Monitoring on an AC Network
16.1 IR Basics
16.2 IR Monitoring on Board
17 Synchronous Brushless Alternators Excitation Systems
17.1 Synchronous Brushless Generator Basics
17.2 Understanding Power Factor
18 Process Monitoring Sensors in Practice
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Resistance Temperature Detectors
18.3 Thermocouples
18.4 Pressure Transducers Pressure Transmitters
18.5 Speed Monitoring Sensors
18.6 Proximity Sensors
18.7 Feedback Potentiometers
18.8 Sensor Wiring and Shielding
18.9 Analog Signal Converters
19 Intrinsic Safety
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Zener Barriers
19.3 Intrinsically Safe Applications
19.4 Approvals and Regulations
19.5 Testing Electrical Equipment in Hazardous Areas
20 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
20.1 Introduction
20.2 PLC Basics
20.3 Source-Sink Inputs
20.4 Outputs
20.5 Input/Output Extension Module
20.6 Ladder Logic
20.7 Troubleshooting PLC-Controlled Circuits
20.8 Troubleshooting
21 Process Calibrators
21.1 Process Calibrators
22 Digital Multimeters
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Measuring AC Voltage
22.3 Measuring Resistance
22.4 Measuring Continuity
22.5 Measuring In-Line Current
22.6 Testing Diodes
23 GL Regulations, Machinery Class Notations
Appendices
Appendix 1 – How to Read Electrical Diagrams
Appendix 2 – Control Elements (European Diagram Symbols)
Appendix 3 – Timer Functions
Appendix 4 – Rated Currents of Three-phase Motors
Appendix 5 – Extract of GL Rules 2008 – Low-voltage Switchgear Assemblies
Appendix 6 – Extract of GL Rules 2008 – Switchgear and Protection Devices
Appendix 7 – Extract of GL Rules 2008 – Power Supply Installations
Appendix 8 – Thermocouples J & K Reference Table
Appendix 9 – Resistors’ and Capacitors’ Coding and Marking System
Appendix 10 – Conversions and Prefixes
While troubleshooting ships’ automation and working part time in engine crew training, I decided to write a handbook that would guide marine engineers through the task of troubleshooting.
A major concern was to present material from a practical point of view to avoid or minimise discussions on the theory, instead focusing on showing how to approach the problems of troubleshooting automation in an efficient manner, so that those not skilled in this field could quickly gain some level of proficiency.
This book will introduce you to a variety of modern electrical appliances that are utilised for ships’ automation, and while reading it you will progress to read electrical diagrams in the way that skilled electricians do. If you find yourself reading something you already know, read it anyway, you may gain a better foundation for what follows.
Because every paragraph is considered important, do not rush or try to cover a lot of pages in a short period of time. Once you have read each chapter through, you should look at your current ship’s diagrams to find out what is common between the explanations and the reality you run into.
However, you will not become a troubleshooter by just reading this book. Learning by doing will always be the best teacher.
People who will find this book useful include:
- • Management level marine engineers
- • operational level marine engineers
- • electricians with a lack of experience and practical skills
- • engineering cadets
- • electrical engineering cadets.
Good luck and fair troubleshooting,
Alexandr Yakimchuk
PrEng, DipEE, Superintendent
Jüngerghans Maritime Services GmbH & Co
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